Cardiac Arrest Symptoms: What to Watch for and How to Act Fast
Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening condition that occurs suddenly when the heart stops pumping blood to the body, leading to a loss of consciousness and breathing. Unlike a heart attack, which happens due to blocked blood flow, cardiac arrest is primarily an electrical problem within the heart. Immediate action is crucial as every minute without treatment decreases the chances of survival. Understanding the symptoms of cardiac arrest can save lives by enabling quicker response and treatment. In this article, we’ll break down the most common signs of cardiac arrest and what you can do to help.
Key Symptoms of Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest can occur without warning, making it critical to recognize the symptoms immediately. While some individuals may experience warning signs, others may not. Here are the key symptoms to watch for:
1. Sudden Loss of Consciousness
One of the most definitive symptoms of cardiac arrest is an abrupt loss of consciousness. The person will collapse suddenly, often without any prior signs of distress. This collapse occurs because the brain is not receiving enough oxygenated blood.
2. No Pulse
The absence of a pulse is another critical sign of cardiac arrest. Since the heart has stopped pumping blood, there is no detectable pulse in the arteries. If you suspect someone is in cardiac arrest, check their pulse immediately by placing two fingers on the side of their neck or wrist.
3. No Breathing or Gasping
A person in cardiac arrest may stop breathing entirely or exhibit irregular, gasping breaths known as “agonal respirations.” These gasps are not normal breaths and should be treated as a medical emergency. Lack of breathing is a clear sign that the heart is not functioning properly.
4. Chest Pain
While cardiac arrest and heart attacks are different, chest pain can sometimes precede cardiac arrest. This pain may feel like squeezing, pressure, or tightness in the chest. However, once cardiac arrest begins, the person typically loses consciousness quickly.
5. Dizziness or Lightheadedness
Feeling faint, dizzy, or lightheaded can be an early warning of cardiac arrest. These symptoms occur because the brain is not receiving enough oxygen. If someone feels faint and collapses, it’s essential to act swiftly, as this may be an early sign of cardiac arrest.
6. Extreme Fatigue
Unexplained extreme fatigue, especially if it comes on suddenly, can be an indication of cardiac issues. While it’s not always directly linked to cardiac arrest, overwhelming tiredness should not be ignored, particularly in individuals with heart disease or risk factors.
7. Sudden Collapse Without Warning
In many cases, cardiac arrest occurs without warning. A person might be fine one minute and suddenly collapse the next. If someone collapses unexpectedly and does not regain consciousness, you should assume cardiac arrest and begin immediate action.
What to Do if Someone is in Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest requires immediate emergency intervention. Here’s what to do if you suspect someone is experiencing cardiac arrest:
1. Call Emergency Services (911/112)
The first step is to call for emergency help. When speaking to the operator, explain that the person has collapsed and is unresponsive. Emergency medical teams can guide you through CPR and other lifesaving measures.
2. Start CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can keep blood circulating until professional help arrives. If the person is unresponsive and not breathing or gasping, begin chest compressions immediately:
- Place your hands in the center of the chest.
- Push down hard and fast, at least 2 inches deep, at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute.
- Continue until emergency personnel arrive or the person regains consciousness.
3. Use an AED if Available
An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is a device that can restart the heart by delivering an electric shock. AEDs are often available in public spaces like airports, schools, and shopping malls. If one is available, use it following the instructions provided.
Risk Factors for Cardiac Arrest
Certain conditions and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of cardiac arrest. Being aware of these can help you take preventive measures:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD): Blockages in the arteries that supply blood to the heart can increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest.
- Heart attack history: Individuals who have had heart attacks are more prone to cardiac arrest.
- Family history: A family history of cardiac arrest or genetic conditions like long QT syndrome can elevate your risk.
- Smoking: Tobacco use damages the heart and blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of cardiac events.
- High blood pressure: Hypertension puts additional strain on the heart, leading to complications.
- Obesity and diabetes: Both conditions can lead to cardiovascular problems that may result in cardiac arrest.
- Physical inactivity: Lack of exercise is linked to a variety of heart conditions.
- Drug use: The use of drugs, particularly stimulants like cocaine or methamphetamine, can trigger cardiac arrest.
Prevention: How to Lower the Risk
While some risk factors for cardiac arrest, like family history, are beyond your control, there are several steps you can take to lower your risk:
- Maintain a Heart-Healthy Diet: Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
- Exercise Regularly: Engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week to keep your heart healthy.
- Stop Smoking: Quitting smoking reduces your risk of heart disease and cardiac arrest.
- Manage Stress: Chronic stress can negatively affect heart health, so find ways to manage stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, or counseling.
- Monitor Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Levels: Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol levels in check with regular monitoring and medications if necessary.
- Limit Alcohol Intake: Excessive alcohol consumption can damage the heart and increase the risk of cardiac problems.
Conclusion
Cardiac arrest is a severe medical emergency that can happen without warning. Recognizing the symptoms—such as sudden loss of consciousness, no pulse, or irregular breathing—can make the difference between life and death. By acting quickly, starting CPR, and using an AED when available, you can improve the chances of survival. Additionally, understanding the risk factors and taking preventive measures like maintaining a healthy lifestyle can reduce the likelihood of experiencing cardiac arrest. Always be vigilant, especially if you or a loved one has heart disease or other contributing conditions.